International Business and Globalization - 1496 Words

Globalization encourages worldwide business. Globalization is an efficient process by which all the nations of world will commonly try to set regular universal standards regulations (both created recommended) which will encourage business around different nations. Business around nations or elements crosswise over different fringes is called universal business. Economic globalization The expression globalization is generally utilized as a part of business rings and matters of trade and profit to depict the expanding internationalization of businesses for merchandise and administrations, the budgetary framework, companies and commercial ventures, innovation, and rivalry. In the globalized economy, partitions and national†¦show more content†¦Consequently, numerous firms in creating nations look further bolstering reinforce their good fortune by gaining practical experience in separated items with an undeniably vast innovative substance. Such specialization has offered ascent to intra-industry exchange between creating nations. Abandoned activities are often acquired by other firms in the same industry to strengthen their positions. As a result, many firms, in all commercial enterprises and distinctive nations, make co-agent understandings or receive procedures of mergers and acquisitions and system associations, which has helped a surge in FDI throughout late decades. In addition, the privatization of open undertakings over the world has likewise cross-border investments 2. GLOBALIZATION OF COMPETITION This alludes to the escalation of rivalry around business endeavours on a global scale. Such globalization of rivalry has brought about the development of new vital transnational organizations together around organizations over the world. Increasingly, more firms need to rival new players from around the globe in their business sectors and outside ones. To adapt to worldwide rivalry, firms need to simultaneously harness their skills and generate synergy by a broad range of specialized skills, such as technological, financial, industrial, commercial, cultural, and administrative skills,Show MoreRelatedGlobalization And International Business : Globalization954 Words   |  4 PagesMonica Mall 3/11/15 India Intro Globalization/ International Business In the text International Business, globalization is defined as the â€Å"acceleration and extension of the interdependence of economic and business activities across national boundaries (p 3)†. Many multinational corporations manufacture products in different nations and selling internationally to different nations. With the constant flow of goods and service help the integration of economies and societies. SinceRead MoreInternational Business Globalization4876 Words   |  20 Pages  89)  People who violate folkways are considered to be evil or bad.      Difficulty: Medium    7.  (p.  90)  Folkways include rituals and symbolic behavior.      Difficulty: Medium    8.  (p.  90)  The bow that is given by a Japanese business executive to another business executive is an example of symbolic behavior.      Difficulty: Medium    9.  (p.  90)  Mores have much greater significance than folkways.      Difficulty: Medium    10.  (p.  91)  If a country is characterized as havingRead MoreInternational Business : The Challenges Of Globalization963 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization nowadays is a very popular topic. With the rapid development of the economy, services and commercials trade between countries become more and more convent. The world becomes more and more like a global village. At the same time, it begins to have a deep influence on a company’s strategy plan which manager is involved in an international business market. In International Business: The Challenges of Globalization, I interested in PART 5 Chapter 2 Cross-Cultural Business. In my perviousRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business828 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has influenced the way our world works today. This is the process of international business. Many of the items we are using at this very moment are imports, products produced in another country. Many businesses today rely on exports, products produced in their home country and shipped to other nations. Every country relies on imports and exports. Wether a firm is expanding to another nation or uses imported goods, international business is always involved and will affect the businessRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business2183 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT IS GLOBALIZATION Fundamentally, globalization is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reductions of costs of transport and communications and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge and to a lesser extent. Globalization is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes seen as increasing interdependence, integrationRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On International Business2183 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT IS GLOBALIZATION Fundamentally, globalization is the closer integration of countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reductions of costs of transport and communications and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge and to a lesser extent. Globalization is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes seen as increasing interdependence, integrationRead MoreGlobalization And Terms Of International Business1756 Words   |  8 Pagesis globalization in terms of international business? Give a practical example using class source. Answer: Globalisation refers to the integration of world economy into a single economy. For example product, services, culture, communication etc. In the current business era the word Global Village is much highlighted, it is only because of the Globalisation. Globalisation not only increased the flow of international business but also has great impact on cultural change. International business refersRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages............3 What is Globalization....................................................4 The engines for Globalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a differentRead MoreWhy Globalization Is a Threat to International Business1302 Words   |  5 PagesMany see globalization as an opportunity for international business, but it is clearly a threat. The expression globalisation has obtained impressive emotive energy. Some perspective it as a process that is advantageous a key to future world investment improvement and likewise inexorable and irreversible. Others respect it with danger, even fear, accepting that it builds favouritism inside and between countries, debilitates business and living measures and defeats social advancement. This short

The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields Free Essays

string(190) " beautiful cut and worth a dragon’s hoard of gold!† deBernezan kept his sword out in front of him, but Regis counted as the seconds passed and the dark-haired man did not blink\." The horde entered the mouth of Bremen’s Run just before midday. They longed to announce their glorious charge with a song of war, but they understood that a certain degree of stealth was vital to the ultimate success of deBernezan’s battle plan. deBernezan was comforted by the familiar sight of sails dotting the waters of Maer Dualdon as he jogged beside King Haalfdane. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields or any similar topic only for you Order Now The surprise would be complete, he believed, and then with ironic amusement he noted that some of the ships already flew the red flags of the catch. â€Å"More wealth for the victors,† he hissed under his breath. The barbarians had still not begun their song when the Tribe of the Bear split away from the main group and headed toward Termalaine, though the cloud of dust that followed their run would have told a wary observer that something out of the ordinary was happening. They rolled on toward Bryn Shander and cried out their first cheer when the pennant of the principle city came into sight. The combined forces of the four towns of Maer Dualdon lay hidden in Termalaine. Their goal was to strike fast and hard at the small tribe that attacked the city, overrunning them as quickly as possible, then charge to the aid of Bryn Shander, trapping the rest of the horde between the two armies. Kemp of Targos was in command of this operation, but he had conceded the first blow to Agorwal, spokesman of the home city. Torches set the first buildings of the city ablaze as Haalfdane’s wild army rushed in. Termalaine was second only to Targos among the nine fishing villages in population, but it was a sprawling, uncluttered town, with houses spread out over a large area and wide avenues running between them. Its people had retained their privacy and a measure of breathing room, giving the town an air of solitude that belied its numbers. Still, deBernezan sensed that the streets seemed unusually deserted. He mentioned his concern to the barbarian king at his side, though Haalfdane assured him that the rats had gone into hiding at the approach of the Bear. â€Å"Pull them out of their holes and burn their houses!† the barbarian king roared. â€Å"Let the fishermen on the lake hear the cries of their women and see the smoke of their burning town!† But then an arrow thudded into Haalfdane’s chest, burying itself deep within his flesh and biting through, tearing into his heart. The shocked barbarian looked down in horror at the vibrating shaft, though he couldn’t even utter a final cry before the blackness of death closed in around him. With his ashwood bow, Agorwal of Termalaine had silenced the king of the Tribe of the Bear. And, on signal from Agorwal’s strike, the four armies of Maer Dualdon sprang to life. They leaped from the rooftops of every building, from the alleys and doorways of every street. Against the ferocious assault of the multitude, the confused and stunned barbarians realized immediately that their battle would soon be at an end. Many were cut down before they could even ready their weapons. Some of the battle-hardened invaders managed to form into small groups, but the people of Ten-Towns, fighting for their homes and the lives of their loved ones and armed with crafted weapons and shields forged by dwarven smiths, pressed in immediately. Fearlessly, the defenders bore the remaining invaders down under the weight of their greater numbers. In an alley on the edge of Termalaine, Regis dove behind the concealment of a small cart as two fleeing barbarians passed by. The halfling fought with a personal dilemma: He didn’t want to be labeled a coward, but he had no intention of jumping into the battle of big folk. When the danger had passed, he walked back around the cart and tried to figure out his next move. Suddenly a dark-haired man, a member of Ten-Towns’ Militia, Regis supposed, entered the alley and spotted the halfling. Regis knew that his little game of hiding was over, the time had come for him to make his stand. â€Å"Two of the scum just passed this way,† he called boldly to the dark-haired southerner. â€Å"Come, if we’re quick we can catch them yet!† deBernezan had different plans, though. In a desperate attempt to save his own life, he had decided to slip down one alley and emerge from another as a member of the Ten-Towns force. He had no intention of leaving any witnesses to his treachery. Steadily he walked toward Regis, his slender sword at the ready. Regis sensed that the mannerisms of the closing man weren’t quite right. â€Å"Who are you?† he asked, though he somehow expected no reply. He thought that he knew nearly everyone in the city, though he didn’t believe that he had ever seen this man before. Already, he had the uncomfortable suspicion that this was the traitor Drizzt had described to Bruenor. â€Å"How come I didn’t see you come in with the others earli†¦Ã¢â‚¬  deBernezan thrust his sword at the halfling’s eye. Regis, dexterous and ever-alert, managed to lurch out of the way, though the blade scratched the side of his head and the momentum of his dodge sent him spinning to the ground. With an unemotional, disturbingly cold-blooded calm, the darkhaired man closed in again. Regis scrambled to his feet and backed away, step for step with his assailant. But then he bumped up against the side of the small cart. deBernezan advanced methodically. The halfling had nowhere left to run. Desperate, Regis pulled the ruby pendant from under his waistcoat. â€Å"Please don’t kill me,† he pleaded, holding the sparkling stone out by its chain and letting it dance seductively. â€Å"If you let me live, I’ll give you this and show you where you can find many more!† Regis was encouraged by deBernezan’s slight hesitation at the sight of the stone. â€Å"Surely, it’s a beautiful cut and worth a dragon’s hoard of gold!† deBernezan kept his sword out in front of him, but Regis counted as the seconds passed and the dark-haired man did not blink. The halfling’s left hand, began to steady, while his right, concealed behind his back, clasped firmly onto the handle of the small but heavy mace crafted for him personally by Bruenor. â€Å"Come, look closer,† Regis suggested softly. deBernezan, firmly under the spell of the sparkling stone, stooped low to better examine its fascinating dance of light. â€Å"This isn’t really fair,† Regis lamented aloud, confident that deBernezan was oblivious to anything he might say at that moment. He cracked the spiked ball of the mace onto the back of the bending man’s head. Regis eyed the result of his dirty work and shrugged absently. He had only done what was necessary. The sounds of the battle in the street rang closer to his alley sanctuary and dispelled his contemplation. Again the halfling acted on instinct. He crawled under the body of his felled enemy, then twisted around underneath to make it look as if he had gone down under the weight of the larger man. When he inspected the damage of deBernezan’s initial thrust, he was glad that he hadn’t lost his ear. He hoped that his wound was serious enough to give credence to this image of a death struggle. * * * The main host of the barbarian force reached the long, low hill that led up to Bryn Shander unaware of what had befallen their comrades in Termalaine. Here they split again, with Heafstaag leading the Tribe of the Elk around the eastern side of the hill and Beorg taking the rest of the horde straight toward the walled city. Now they took up their song of battle, hoping to further unnerve the shocked and terrified people of Ten-Towns. But behind the wall of Bryn Shander was a very different scene than the barbarians imagined. The army of the city, along with the forces of Caer-Konig and Caer-Dineval, sat ready with bows and spears and buckets of hot oil. In a dark twist of irony, the Tribe of the Elk, out of sight of the front wall of the city, took up a cheer when the first screams of death rang out on the hill, thinking the victims to be the unprepared people of Ten-Towns. A few seconds later, as Heafstaag led his men around the easternmost bend in the hill, they too met with disaster. The armies of Good Mead and Dougan’s Hole were firmly dug in and waiting, and the barbarians were hard-pressed before they even knew what had hit them. After the first few moments of confusion, though, Heafstaag managed to regain control of the situation. These warriors had been through many battles together, seasoned fighting men who knew no fear. Even with the losses of the initial attack, they were not outnumbered by the force before them, and Heafstaag was confident that he could overrun the fishermen quickly and still get his men into position. But then, shouting as they came, the army of Easthaven charged down the Eastway and pressed the barbarians on their left flank. And Heafstaag, still unshaken, had just ordered his men to make the proper adjustments to protect against the new foe when ninety battle-hardened and heavily armored dwarves tore into them from behind. The grimfaced dwarven host attacked in a wedge formation with Bruenor as its deadly tip. They cut into the Tribe of the Elk, felling barbarians like a low-swinging scythe through tall grass. The barbarians fought bravely, and many fishermen died on the eastern slopes of Bryn Shander. But the Tribe of the Elk was outnumbered and out-flanked, and barbarian blood ran freer than the blood of their foes. Heafstaag worked wildly to rally his men, but all semblance of formation and order disintegrated around him. To his worst horror and disgrace, the giant king realized that every one of his warriors would die on this field if they didn’t find a way to escape the ring of enemies and flee back to the safety of the tundra. Heafstaag himself, who had never before retreated in battle, led the desperate break. He and as many warriors as he could gather together rushed around the dwarven host, seeking a route between them and the army of Easthaven. Most of the tribesmen were cut down by the blades of Bruenor’s people, but some managed to break free of the ring and bolt away toward Kelvin’s Cairn. Heafstaag got through the gauntlet, killing two dwarves as he passed, but suddenly the giant king was engulfed in an impenetrable globe of absolute blackness. He dove headlong through it and emerged back into the light only to find himself face to face with a dark elf. * * * Bruenor had seven notches to put on his axe-handle and he bore down on number eight, a tall, gangly barbarian youth, too young even to show any stubble on his tanned face, but bearing the standard of the Tribe of the Elk with the composure of an experienced warrior. Bruenor curiously considered the engaging stare and calm visage as he closed in on the youth. It surprised him that he did not find the savage fire of barbarian bloodlust contorting the youth’s features, but rather an observant, understanding depth. The dwarf found himself truly lamenting having to kill one so young and unusual, and his pity caused him to hesitate slightly as the two joined battle. Ferocious as his heritage dictated, though, the youth showed no fear, and Bruenor’s hesitation had given him the first swing. With deadly accuracy, he slammed his standard pole down onto his foe, snapping it in half. The amazingly powerful blow dented Bruenor’s helm and jolted the dwarf into a short bounce. Tough as the mountain stone he mined, Bruenor put his hands on his hips and glared up at the barbarian, who nearly dropped his weapon, so shocked was he that the dwarf still stood. â€Å"Silly boy,† Bruenor growled as he cut the youth’s legs out from under him. â€Å"Ain’t ye never been told not to hit a dwarf on the head?† The youth desperately tried to regain his footing, but Bruenor slammed an iron shield into his face. â€Å"Eight!† roared the dwarf as he stormed away in search of number nine. But he looked back for a moment over his shoulder to consider the fallen youth, shaking his head at the waste of one so tall and straight, with intelligent eyes to match his physical prowess, a combination uncommon among the wild and ferocious natives of Icewind Dale. * * * Heafstaag’s rage doubled when he recognized his newest opponent as a drow elf. â€Å"Sorcerous dog!† he bellowed, raising his huge axe high into the sky. Even as he spoke, Drizzt flicked a finger and purple flames limned the tall barbarian from head to toe. Heafstaag roared in horror at the magical fire, though the flames did not burn his skin. Drizzt bore in, his two scimitars whirling and jabbing, thrusting high and low too quickly for the barbarian king to deflect both. Blood trickled from many small wounds, but Heafstaag seemed able to shake off the punctures of the slender scimitars as no more than a discomfort. The great axe arced down, and though Drizzt was able to deflect its path, the effort numbed his arm. Again the barbarian swung his axe. This time Drizzt was able to spin out of its killing sweep, and the completion of the drow’s rotation left the overbalanced Heafstaag stumbling and open to a counter. Drizzt didn’t hesitate, driving one of his blades deep into the barbarian king’s side. Heafstaag howled in agony and launched a backhand swing in retaliation. Drizzt thought his last thrust to be fatal, and his surprise was total when the flat head of Heafstaag’s axe smashed into his ribs and launched him through the air. The barbarian charged quickly after, meaning to finish this dangerous opponent before he could regain his footing. But Drizzt was as nimble as a cat. He landed in a roll and came up to meet Heafstaag’s charge with one of his scimitars firmly set. His axe helplessly poised above his head, the surprised barbarian couldn’t stop his momentum before he impaled his belly on the wicked point. Still, he glared at the drow and began to swing his axe. Already convinced of the superhuman strength of the barbarian, Drizzt had kept up his guard this time. He knifed his second blade just under the first, opening the lower part of Heafstaag’s abdomen from hip to hip. Heafstaag’s axe fell harmlessly to the ground as he grabbed at the wound, desperately trying to keep his belly from spilling out. His huge head lolled from side to side, the world spun about him, and he felt himself endlessly falling. Several other tribesmen, in full flight and with dwarves hot on their heels, came by at that moment and caught their king before he hit the ground. So great was their dedication to Heafstaag that two of them lifted him and carried him away while the others turned to face the coming tide of dwarves, knowing that they would certainly be cut down, but hoping only to give their comrades enough time to bear their king to safety. Drizzt rolled away from the barbarians and leaped to his feet, meaning to give chase to the two who bore Heafstaag. He had a sickening feeling that the terrible king would survive even the last grievous wounds, and he was determined to finish the job. But when he rose, he, too, found the world spinning. The side of his cloak was stained with his own blood, and he suddenly found it difficult to catch his breath. The blazing midday sun burned into his night eyes, and he was lathered in sweat. Drizzt collapsed into darkness. * * * The three armies waiting behind Bryn Shander’s wall had quickly dispatched the first line of invaders and then driven the remaining barbarian host halfway back down the hill. Undaunted and thinking that time would play in their favor, the ferocious horde had regrouped around Beorg and begun a steady, cautious march back toward the city. When the barbarians heard the charge coming up the eastern slope, they assumed that Heafstaag had finished his battle on the side of the hill, had learned of the resistance at the front gate, and was returning to help them smash into the city. Then Beorg spotted tribesmen fleeing to the north toward Icewind Pass, the stretch of ground opposite Bremen’s Run that passed between Lac Dinneshere and the western side of Kelvin’s Cairn. The king of the Tribe of the Wolf knew that his people were in trouble. Offering no explanation beyond the promised thrust of the tip of his spear to any who questioned his orders, Beorg started to turn his men around to head away from the city, hoping to regroup with Haalfdane and the Tribe of the Bear and salvage as many of his people as he could. Before he had even completed the reversal of the march, he found Kemp and the four armies of Maer Dualdon behind him, their deep ranks barely thinned by the slaughter in Termalaine. Over the wall came the armies of Bryn Shander, Caer-Konig, and Caer-Dineval, and around the hill came Bruenor, leading the dwarven clan and the last three armies of Ten-Towns. Beorg ordered his men into a tight circle. â€Å"Tempos is watching!† he yelled at them. â€Å"Make him proud of his people!† Nearly eight hundred barbarians remained, and they fought with the confidence of the blessing of their god. They held their formation for almost an hour, singing and dying, before the lines broke down and chaos erupted. Less than fifty escaped with their lives. * * * After the final blows had at last been swung, the exhausted warriors of Ten-Towns set about the grim task of sorting out their losses. More than five hundred of their companions had been killed and two hundred more would eventually die of their wounds, yet the toll wasn’t heavy considering the two thousand barbarians who lay dead in the streets of Termalaine and on the slopes of Bryn Shander. Many heroes had been made that day, and Bruenor, though anxious to get back to the eastern battlefields to search for missing companions, paused for a long moment as the last of them was carried in glory up the hill to Bryn Shander. â€Å"Rumblebelly?† exclaimed the dwarf. â€Å"The name is Regis,† the halfling retorted from his high perch, proudly folding his arms across his chest. â€Å"Respect, good dwarf,† said one of the men carrying Regis. â€Å"In single combat Spokesman Regis of Lonelywood slew the traitor that brought the horde upon us, though he was wickedly injured in the battle!† Bruenor snorted in amusement as the procession passed. â€Å"There’s more to that tale than what’s been told, I’ll wager!† he chuckled to his equally amused companions. â€Å"Or I’m a bearded gnome!† * * * Kemp of Targos and one of his lieutenants were the first to come upon the fallen form of Drizzt Do’Urden. Kemp prodded the dark elf with the toe of his blood-stained boot, drawing a semiconscious groan in response. â€Å"He lives,† Kemp said to his lieutenant with an amused smile. â€Å"A pity.† He kicked the injured drow again, this time with more enthusiasm. The other man laughed in approval and lifted his own foot to join in the fun. Suddenly, a mailed fist slammed into Kemp’s kidney with enough force to carry the spokesman over Drizzt and send him bouncing down the long decline of the hill. His lieutenant whirled around, conveniently ducking low to receive Bruenor’s second swing square in the face. â€Å"One for yerself, too!† the enraged dwarf growled as he felt the man’s nose shatter under his blow. Cassius of Bryn Shander, viewing the incident from higher up on the hill, screamed in anger and rushed down the slope toward Bruenor. â€Å"You should be taught some diplomacy!† he scolded. â€Å"Stand where y’ are, son of a swamp pig!† was Bruenor’s threatening response. â€Å"Ye owe the drow yer stinkin’ lives and homes,† he roared to all around who could hear him, â€Å"and ye treat him as vermin!† â€Å"‘Ware your words, dwarf!† retorted Cassius, tentatively grabbing at his sword hilt. The dwarves formed a line around their leader, and Cassius’s men gathered around him. Then a third voice sounded clearly. â€Å"‘Ware your own, Cassius,† warned Agorwal of Termalaine. â€Å"I would have done the same thing to Kemp if I was possessed of the courage of the dwarf!† He pointed to the north. â€Å"The sky is clear,† he yelled. â€Å"Yet were it not for the drow, it would be filled with the smoke of burning Termalaine!† The spokesman from Termalaine and his companions moved over to join Bruenor’s line. Two of the men gently lifted Drizzt from the ground. â€Å"Fear not for your friend, valiant dwarf,† said Agorwal. â€Å"He will be well tended in my city. Never again shall I, or my fellow men of Termalaine, prejudge him by the color of his skin and the reputation of his kin!† Cassius was outraged. â€Å"Remove your soldiers from the grounds of Bryn Shander!† he screamed at Agorwal, but it was an empty threat, for the men of Termalaine were already departing. Satisfied that the drow was in safe hands, Bruenor and his clan moved on to search the rest of the battleground. â€Å"I’ll not forget this!† Kemp yelled at him from far down the hill. Bruenor spat at the spokesman from Targos and continued on unshaken. And so it went that the alliance of the people of Ten-Towns lasted only as long as their common enemy. How to cite The Crystal Shard 8. Bloody Fields, Essay examples

Law and Economics of Agency and Partnership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law and Economics of Agency and Partnership. Answer: Introduction: Hello, My name as Bob Smith and I have been working as system engineer for the IBM for 20 years. I have thought about an idea of carrying out business activity of my own. Thats, Nice you have come to a right place for the advice. You must have thought of about an Idea which you want to carry out as a business. Please provided me with more details so that I can help you? Yes of course I have made a plan for a business which I want to carry out in relation to my wish. This is actually going to be Gym as there is a significant shortage of good gyms in my locality. I want to start the business activity in a very planned and organized manner and I want my Gym to be a hit. I plan to include a healthy food restaurant as well along with the gym. In addition I would also want to have an adjacent store of body building supplements. That is a great Idea, do u have any place in mind where you want to set up you business activity or you want a help in relation to this as well? No actually I have a place in made just near my house and my wife is looking after the purchase matters in relation to it and so I would not be requiring help. That is very good; however this business Idea of yours can require a significant amount of investment. Do you have access to such funds? Yes, I know that the business which I am planning to set up require a significant amount of investment. The investment which would be required for the business according to my preliminary calculation would be that of around $2 million. This is the amount which would be required for purchasing the property I am taking about along with purchasing the necessary equipments for the restaurant, shop and Gym. This is quite a good research which has been made by you, but do u have access to the funds which are required for the purpose of this business? Actually I have saved up about $500,000 myself and there are two people I know who would be willing to invest in my business idea about a sum of $500000 more. Well, yes there are two people who want to carry out the business I have planned along with me. One of them is Sara who has been my colleague for a period of five years. She has been interested in my business. However I am worried about the fact that she has been involved a couple of businesses in the past which have failed due to her management. She is willing to invest about $300000 in the business. Another person who I know is willing to be a part of my business is Gary. I have known Gary for the last three months. He has promised me that he is going to invest about $200,000 in my business. Actually I dont think that Gary is a good idea and there have been management issues with Sara as well so I think I need to provide advice to you on management issues as well? Yes of course I require advice relation to management issues of the organization as well. This is because this is my Idea and I do not want it to be spoilt by mismanagement of others. I want to retain most of the control in relation to the business in my own hands. Ok sure we will take this into consideration while preparing and advice for you. If it is not confidential can you tell me what is your source of income and how much do you earn per annum Yes sure I have been working as senior officers at IBM for about 20 years and I have an annual income of $200,000 excluding the incentives which I get. This means that you are going to fall in the highest slab of income tax so do you need advice about Income Tax implications on the business as well? Yes of course I do not want to pay more tax like any other person. I want advice in relation to a business structure which will minimize my tax liability Ok we will surely keep it in mind while preparing advice for you tell me the assets which you own? I have an ancestral house which is right now worth one million dollars and I have a car which I own along with my wife which I dont think is of considerable value right now. It is important for Bob to know that in order to operate a business in Australia there are three types of business structures which are available for the parties. These include a sole trading business, Partnership and a Company. Further a company can be subdivided into a public company, private company and a no liability company. A company under the meaning of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) can be limited by shares or limited by guarantees (Mann Roberts, 2015). The form of business structure which is easiest to form and simplest to carry out is known as a sole trader. This form of business is conducted by a single person. This does not means that the person has to do all activities in relation to the business on his own. The business owner in a sole trading business can have employees to carry out the work. At law the identity of such person and that of the business which is carried out by him is one and the same. The business name and the name of the person carrying out the business can be same. The primary advantage which this form of business structure brings to the business is that of it is very simple and easy to establish. The amount of investment which is required for initiating a sole trading business in terms of set up cost is the lowest compared to other structures. In addition to the simplicity the trader is provided with supreme control over the affairs of the company as they are not imposed with any managerial intervention. On the other hand the sole trader is not able to avail the benefits of limited liability and may also have restriction of funds to carry out the business. When a sole trading business is held for contract further it cannot be carried out by more than one person (Miller, 2015). The next business structure which Bob must know about is a partnership. A partnership is a type of business structure which allows the business to be carried out by more than one person. There are certain features of a partnership which makes it different from other form of business structures. The partnership business also does not have the features of limited liability like a sole trading business. In addition the people who carry out the business and are known as partners are liable jointly and severally for the action of the other business partners (Cohen, 2017). This means that when a partner does an act it would be binding on the partnership business as a while. The primary advantage which parties may have in relation to carrying out their chosen business activities in form of partnership is that people having various expertise can contribute towards the business and also provided the finding required. It is also easy and cheap to form and does not require a registration. Howev er a partnership agreement can be registered. The business has significant disadvantages as well such as the partners being jointly and severely liable for the actions of other partners. The partners can be personally liable and limited liability does not apply (Clarkson, Miller Cross, 2014). A joint venture is also a partnership having the same rules but it comes to an end after the work for which it has been initiated has been completed. The final business structure which the Bob may have in relation to a particular business activity is that of a company. A company as discussed above can be public and private. This is the most unique form of business as compared to the above discussed structures. A company has separate legal identity which signifies that it is a person of its own and is different from those who own and operate it. As a result it has a perpetual existence and comes to an end by winding up process of law. A company being a separate person has the right to make contracts and bring or be party to legal proceedings. It also has the unique feature of limited liability (Davidson, Forsythe Knowles, 2015). The feature signifies that the owners of the company can only be held liable to contributions made by them in the company which may be in form of shares or guarantees. The management of the organization is carried out by persons appointed by the owners known as directors. In a public company the owners are subjected to less legal scrutiny but they cannot raise public finding. In case of a public company fund raising can be done. The structure can also be used to minimize tax liabilities as well (O'kelley Thompson, 2017). In order to select the best possible structure which Bob may have in relation to carrying out his business activities we need to analyze the requirement of Bob in the light of advantages and disadvantages which such business activities have In relation to the research which I have carried out it is quite obvious that Bob cannot select the business structure of a sole trader. This is because he wants to carry out a business along with his two partners and in business of a sole trader it is not possible to carry out a business which is operated by more than one person. In addition where such business structure is selected the tax liabilities of Bob will significantly increase as the business income and his own income would be the same. He would also not be able to protect the assets which he personal owns in case any problems which occurs to the business due to the lack of limited liability provisions and also he would not be able to gain the additional finding required. As Bob wants to carry out business along with two other partners he can choose the business structure of a partnership. However Bob has provided that the partners with whom he wants to carry out the business have a bad history of Management. In this situation there are significant chances that Bob may be jointly and severally liable to the activities carried out by the other partners and relation to the business. In addition his tax liabilities would be the same like that of sole trading and he would have the same situation to his personal assets in case anything goes wrong to the business. It is also clear from the Research which I have conducted above that Bob cannot carry out of joint venture business in relation to the selected business activity. This is because the activity is not a single business transaction and cannot be done through the help of joint venture. Further the same rules of partnership will be applicable on joint venture as well. From the research which I have conducted I can evidently say that the best business structure which Bob can select in the given situation is that of a private company. Through the use of this business structure he may retain control over the management of the company as he has more amount of investment which compared to the other partners. In addition his tax liabilities would also be reduced as the income of the company and his personal income would be different. Further through the feature of limited liability would be able to protect his personal assets from being claimed with respect to anything which goes wrong in the business. Bob can also rise funding so sources like crowd funding with the help of this business structure. References Clarkson, K., Miller, R., Cross, F. (2014).Business Law: Texts and Cases. Nelson Education. Cohen, G. M. (2017). Law and Economics of Agency and Partnership.The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics: Volume 2: Private and Commercial Law, 399. Davidson, D. V., Forsythe, L. M., Knowles, B. E. (2015).Business law: Principles and cases in the legal environment. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Mann, R. A., Roberts, B. S. (2015).Business law and the regulation of business. Nelson Education. Miller, R. L. (2015).Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education. O'kelley, C. R., Thompson, R. B. (2017).Corporations and other business associations: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business.

The Secret Garden close reading Essay Example

The Secret Garden close reading Paper 1 She chirped, and talked, and coaxed and he hopped, and 2 Flirted his tail and twittered. It was as if he were talking. His red 3 Wasitcoat was like satin and he puffed his tiny breast out and 4 Was so fine and so grand and so pretty that it was really as if he 5 Were showing her how important and like a human person a 6 Robin could be. Mistress Mary forgot that she had ever been 7 contrary in her life when he allowed her to draw closer and 8 closer to him, and bend down and talk and try to make some 9 thing like robin sounds. 10 Oh! To think that he should actually let her come as near to 11 him as that! He knew nothing in the world would make her 12 put out her hand toward him or startle him in the least tiniest 13 way. He knew it because he was a real person-only nicer than 14 any other person in the world. She was so happy that she 1 5 scarcely dared to breathe. 16 The flower-bed was not quite bare. It was bare of flowers because 17 Perennial plants had been cut down for their winter 18 Rest, but there were tall shrubs and low ones which grew together 19 At the back f the bed, and as the robin hopped about 20 Under them she saw him hop over a small pile of freshly turned 21 Up earth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Garden close reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He stopped on it to look for a worm. The earth had 22 Been turned up because a dog had been trying to dig up a mole 23 And he had scratched quite a deep hole. Lines 1-2: Burnett creates a happy and busy moment in these two lines by using six OITTerent veros. Mary cnlrpea, ana talked, ana coaxed wnlle tne roDln noppea ana flirted and twittered. This passage has a poetic and lighthearted sound to it, which s exactly how Mary is feeling at the moment. Burnett then describes the robins actions to be as though he were talking. Mary is eager to make friends and have conversations, so it makes sense that the robin is personified. Lines 3-5: This personification is developed further when Burnett describes the robins feathers to be a waistcoat like satin which gives the reader a visual image of a tuxedo that a man would wear. Burnett continues to use repetition, but this time using adjectives when she writes so fine and so grand and so pretty. This literary echnique tells the reader how excited Mary is about the bird. After giving vague personifications of the robin, Burnett finally explicitly says that it is as though the robin was showing her how like a human person it could be. Lines 6-9: This is one of the first times we see Mary become a new girl, one that is not contrary and is excited and intrigued by something. Burnett creates a separation of her nickname, taking off the quite contrary that typically follows Mistress Mary. Mary is not used to anyone being interested in her and the fact that the robin allows er to bend down and talk and try to make something like robin sounds, she is completely beside herself. Lines 10-12: Burnett uses the exclamation, Oh! to communicate Just how rare of a moment this is for Mary. By writing, To think, she insinuates that Mary had never experienced or expected to experience this kind of acceptance from anyone, not even a bird. Burnett begins to write in the point of view of the robin when she says, He knew nothing in the world would make her put out her hand This allows the eader to be able to see the bird as a human, Just like Mary does. Lines 13-15: Burnett goes on to qualify the robin as completely human. She writes, he was a real person-only nicer than any other person in the world. We as readers know that there are many other people in the world who are that nice, and much nicer. But Mary has not met many people who are kind to her, and this is proof. Mary is so happy that she scarcely dared to breathe. This statement is a great descriptor of the situation because her happiness is so extreme that it has affected er physically. Lines 16-20: Burnett transitions the scene to the flower-bed where a key scene occurs- this is where Mary finds the key to the secret garden. Burnett describes the garden as currently bare for the most part because of winter, which is foreshadowing the spring to come and new growth to occur (in the garden as well as in Mary). The robin stops on a pile of freshly turned up earth, thus leading Mary to notice that a dog had scratched quite a deep hole. Befriending the robin not only gave Mary a companion, but it also led her to the key.

How to Write Business Papers in College

How to Write Business Papers in College Writing business papers in college can be a daunting assignment especially when it comes to choosing a research paper topic. It is stressful if you have a lot of good ideas making it difficult to choose one. Lengthy business papers for college require students to be comfortable with research on the chosen paper topic. College business papers have to be based on academic ground, the course that you are pursuing and the methods you are advised to use. A wide research paper topic will surely make you lose track of writing directions easily. It is better to choose a more specific topic and, preferably, with the help of your tutor. Narrowing down the topic will help you perform a more structured and deep research. Writing a business paper requires you to introduce new concepts, analyze existing research work and discuss the current practices as per the chosen topic. Having new perspectives requires one to be thoroughly exposed on the contemporary issues that affect the business world. Business goes hand in hand with politics and policies. Attributes such as international agreements and lawsuits add weight on the concepts already discussed. While writing a business paper, it is important to narrow down the subjects into a manageable theme that consist of three to four points. You have to perform research concerning these points and discuss your findings with the readers in you business paper. While writing business papers, it is important to let the audience recognize the main purpose why the paper was developed. Business papers convey useful information not only to the examiner but also to the general public. Use of heavy business jargon should be avoided since business papers are intended for broad readership. Even though it is difficult to locate authoritative sources in business, students who use peer reviewed articles and journals have in-depth analysis of thesis statements. College papers are intended for research hence students must present their competencies in doing business papers. You should not rely on the Internet solely, do not avoid the library since some authoritative business journals can be found there. Referencing and citing college business papers is an important aspect that students are expected to practice whenever they develop their academic papers. If all this seems too complex for you, you can always contact our writing service and order a sample paper, that will help you see all the peculiarities of business paper writing (or any kind of academic writing, for that matter). It is very simple to ask for help, just fill in the order form and pay for the paper. We will assign a competent writer to your order, who will deliver high quality work.

Why Your Personality Type is Important For Your job

Why Your Personality Type is Important For Your job When we fall in love with someone, we don’t expect that person to be everything- to tick our every box or satisfy our every need. So why do we so often expect that kind of â€Å"you complete me!† feeling from our jobs? Not even the dreamiest of dream jobs can be all enjoyable all the time. Barry Schwartz, a researcher on human behavior and mastermind of choice, recently suggested that most of us will find ourselves in one of two categories when it comes to making (and keeping) decisions: we’re either maximizers or satisfiers.A maximizer always wants what’s best. (Top-end stereo speakers, the greatest recipe for sangria, the fastest car.) A satisfier, on the other hand, is content with what is good enough, as long as a few basic criteria are met. (The recipe has to include red wine and macerated fruit and be easy enough to make in bulk.) Mr. Schwartz found that maximizers tend to be more â€Å"successful† (with nicer, flashier things, better careers, etc.), but that their satisfier peers are much happier with their lot.Career-wise, a satisfier might be pleased to stay in one job forever, provided it ticks the requisite boxes (good pay, challenging tasks, benefits, fun co-workers). A maximizer probably won’t be completely content at any job. There will always be another pay raise or promotion on the horizon- another, better company to work for- another, better reward for doing something else.There’s nothing wrong with being a maximizer. Striving to be and do your best is always a good strategy†¦ But it might be worth asking yourself what your criteria are, then seeing how well your current job holds up. If your current job ticks all your boxes and then some, maybe it’s worth asking why you really assume the grass is greener at that other company. Your grass might be just as nice, and worth cultivating.

Mechanistic Design for SEI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 8

Mechanistic Design for SEI - Essay Example They do not have to arrange a meeting with a boss to discuss the internal problems in their teams to consult on the issues what team should they join now. As branches of a tree do not ask permission from a tree to grow in any direction they ‘consider’ appropriate, employees behave the same. Â  Secondly, employees are mobile in choosing the place of work. In traditional organizations with bureaucracy and mechanic approaches to organization design, usually, CEO or his executive vice-presidents are those responsible for changing roles and consequently places of work of employees. A change of a place from a typical ‘box-like’ office to a private office is considered a big success and cannot be achieved only by internal motives of an employee. However, SEI being involved in a kind of business where they have to compete by the power of brains of their employees understands that the better its employees perform the better performs SEI. So, if changing the physical place of work might stimulate the productivity of a particular worker, so be it. According to a case study, employees in SEI usually change the physical place of work up to two times a year (West, and Wind, 27). They do it themselves, without requesting permission, because management empowers them as if they were owners. The same we can find in nature. Bees, for example, have no directions from their queen where particularly should they pollinate flowers, so they ‘have their own ideas’ were to do it. However, they know and understand the ‘corporate’ rules and goals of the hive. Pollen should be delivered no matter from where. They are free to choose the location of their ‘work’ and the same could be said towards the employees in SEI (within reasonable limits, of course). Â  

Evolutionary development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolutionary development - Essay Example The view is given a new paradigm by Neil Shubin, (2008), a principal paleontologist who discerned the "missing link". He tried to trace the evolution through organs of human body. In his book Your Inner Fish, Shubin has enlightened people by establishing correlation between fossils and DNA. There exists similarity between human hands and fins of fish. Through his outstanding inscription, Shubin has elucidated the process of evolution in an easy manner which an ordinary person can understand. Your Inner Fish is one of the most invigorating, intellectually articulated thoughts, and convincing systematic scientific explorations; it is a chronicle of true voyage, potentially changes the outlook about the human body. Your Inner Fish establishes the similarity between the humans and fish and elucidate that any human body is a live example of the whole narration of evolution. Human body possess genome links that is already an established fact but humans also depict the whole gamut of evolution which finds molecular basis too with the similarity in terms of DNAs and RNAs in the genes. Shubin is not only an eminent scientist but he has proved his worth in the form of coherent and stylish author, besides being an irrepressibly excited coach who possesses wittiness, aptitude and cleverness who mesmerizes the readers with his thoughts and therefore readers are able to understand and formulate a real picture of the evolution. One of the finest ways to teach the students the similarity between various animals and humans. The simplest roadmap to their lies in fish (Shubin, 2008). "The archives of natural history are filled with †¦ cases of species formation exploding as a response to ecological opportunity.†¦Natural history becomes all the more pleasing and interesting when we look at it through the lens of evolutionary theory and search for the

Tax Planning Essay Example for Free

Tax Planning Essay It was the responsibility of the Satrap to collect the due amount and to send it to the emperor, after deducting his expenses (the expenses and the power of deciding precisely how and from whom to raise the money in the province, offer maximum opportunity for rich pickings). The quantities demanded from the various provinces gave a vivid picture of their economic potential. For instance,  Babylon  was assessed for the highest amount and for a startling mixture of commodities; 1,000  silver talents  and four months supply of food for the army. India, a province fabled for its gold, was to supply gold dust equal in value to the very large amount of 4,680 silver talents. Egypt was known for the wealth of its crops; it was to be the granary of the Persian Empire (and, later, of the  Roman Empire) and was required to provide 120,000 measures of grain in addition to 700 talents of silver. This was exclusively a tax levied on subject peoples. Persians  and  Medes  paid no tax, but, they were liable at any time to serve in the  army. [12] In India, Islamic rulers imposed  jizya  (a  poll tax  on non-Muslims) starting in the 11th century. It was abolished by  Akbar. Numerous records of government tax collection in Europe since at least the 17th century are still available today. But taxation levels are hard to compare to the size and flow of the economy since  production  numbers are not as readily available, however. Government expenditures and revenue in France during the 17th century went from about 24. 30 million  livres  in 1600-10 to about 126. 86 million  livers  in 1650-59 to about 117. 99 million  livres  in 1700-10 when  government debt  had reached 1. 6 billion  livres. In 1780–89, it reached 421. 50 millionaires. Taxation as a percentage of production of final goods may have reached 15%–20% during the 17th century in places such as  France, the  Netherlands, and  Scandinavia. During the war-filled years of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, tax rates in Europe increased dramatically as war became more expensive and governments became more centralized and adept at gathering taxes.

Marketing Strategy for the Mars Ice Cream Bar Essay -- Business Manage

Marketing Strategy for the Mars Ice Cream Bar My Aims for this Report In this report I will be focusing my attention on Mars Ice Cream Bar. I will investigate how they promote their product. I will do this by investigating how they advertise their product, and where, as well as looking at how they package their product and at the same time I will look at where they sell the Mars ice cream bar. Also I will be investigating their main rivals and compare their marketing mix’s. This will give me a better chance of giving good suggestions on how they could improve their ice cream product to bring in a larger revenue and get away from their main rivals so they could dominate the ice cream bar market. Background to Mars Mars claims to be the world leader in every market that it is in. This in includes branded snack foods, petcare products, main meal foods and vending machines. ‘ Mars has an annual turnover in excess of US $13 billion. Our products are consumed in over 100 countries around the world.’ In Europe alone  £20 billion is spent every year on Mars confectioneries,  £4 billion of this is from Britain. Of that  £4 billion, around 70% of it is on chocolate goods. They are considered the world’s best managed companies. They easily dominate the chocolate bar market as they own the likes of ‘Snickers’ ‘Mars’ ‘Maltesers’ ‘M&M’s’ and ‘Twix’. But do they dominate the ice cream bar market? Mars ice cream bar. The Mars ice cream bar was first brought o...

A State Lottery is the Best Way to Raise Money for Education

Lottery is often perceived as a dishonest and seedy project that can create serious social problems including economic distress and gambling addiction (Clotfelter and Cook, 1989, 37).It is thus natural for lottery to be hotly debated, sensational, and controversial. It actually makes the society divided on its acceptance whether legally or morally. Despite these facts, let it be stated that a state lottery is the best way to raise money for education.To begin with, it is ideal to state that those who advocate that state lottery is not the best way to raise money rely upon two assumptions. They say that by doing so shall be impractical and immoral to the eyes of society. First of all, they believe that state lotteries are not designed or created for the purposes of supporting education. And second, receiving money to educate children from such a means like gambling or lottery does not seem ethical and proper.To refute these assumptions, let it be stated that state lottery is actually a practical and feasible way to fund education.   The truth is that even as early as the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, state and municipalities held legally sanctioned lotteries to finance public projects such as roads, bridges, canals, courthouses, hospitals and schools (Blanche, 1950, 71; Kaplan 1984, 92). They believe that it is a very efficient to fund such projects the government is not capable of fully doing so.It is actually admitted that state lottery has a dark and immoral reputation having graft and corruption inherent parts of it. People have been saying that state lottery is a bad image for funding education. However, people do not realize the fact that funding education is a good image for lottery. People have a perception that lottery is all about winning the jackpot.However, lottery as a legal means to an end is socially acceptable. Records show that in 1992 that the only reason sales in lottery increased is because of the Common School Fund Law which grants a large percentage of state lottery profit for education (Illinois State Lottery 1992, X). This is not using education to increase sales but rather, it is the means for education to flourish.In conclusion, state lottery is the most efficient and productive way to raise money. This is because the government has already been doing this legally for a long time. The government has been doing this not only for education but in other aspects as well. And also, despite its negative image, state lottery has already been socially accepted in society. WORKS CITED1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blanche, Ernest E. Lotteries, Yesterday and Tomorrow. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 269 (1950): 71–76.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clotfelter, Charles T., and Philip J. Cook. Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1998.3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illinois State Lottery. 1992 Annual Report. Springfield: Illinois State Lottery, 1992.4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kaplan, H. Roy. The Social and Economic Impact of State Lotteries. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 474 (1984): 91–106.OUTLINEI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction :Thesis – A state lottery is the best way to raise money for education.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BodyA)  Ã‚  Ã‚   State lottery is impractical and immoral in the eyes of society.B)  Ã‚  Ã‚   State lottery has been used in the past t o fund schools and other projects.C)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Funding education is a good image for state lottery.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion–  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State lottery is the most efficient and productive way to raise money and is socially acceptable.   

McBride Financial Services

McBride Financial Services is a premier one-stop mortgage provider in the five-state area of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The company specializes in providing low-cost, flat-rate fee mortgages to members of its communities shipping for a new residential mortgage. The company is currently privately held but is exploring opportunities to go public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), acquiring another company in its same industry or merging with another organization.Through utilization of the SWOT method, management will evaluate each approach and determine which is the best method to take McBride Financial Services public. Strengths in Going Public If McBride Financial Services chose the option of going public with an IPO there are a couple of strengths that it would benefit from. The first distinct strength is the raising of capital. Additional capital would allow for brick and mortar expansion, investment opportunities, and added cash flow to improve products and services. An IPO can help reduce debt and the applicable risk rating given by creditors.If the IPO is successful, the options for additional financing will be open. By utilizing the option of an IPO, an organization’s awareness within the community arises. Most companies gain profits when establishing an IPO. Consumers become aware on a local and even a national level of what your organization produces. They will take a risk if currently unhappy with their current financial services and experiment with your products and services. If the customer relationship is cemented from the beginning, the consumer is sure to now produce additional clientele via word-of-mouth.All of this additional business is generated by creating and offering an IPO. If McBride’s chose to acquire another organization within the same industry, it has several advantages it could benefit from. One advantage from the start is that the open locations could potentially be in lucrative loc ations that would create a stronger voice and curb appeal. Financing options become available as well. The current financier used by McBride, will be ready and willing to offer other financing options if needed because of additional income that is now a potential.The potential for additional consumers and vendor relationships is tremendous depending on the size of the organization acquired. It can be beneficial for McBride, as some of those vendor contracts may be more cost effective in the future. Within the same notion of cost effectiveness, the additional staff that is acquired with the new organization brings experience and dependability. It allows the two organizations that are now one to continue to run smoothly and not have higher costs of training and development.There are two major advantages to merging with another organization if that is the choice McBride’s Financial Services commits to. The first advantage is that once the merger is completed, competition within the industry community becomes less of a threat. The other advantage to a merger is the strategic planning and restructuring of the organization. Usually the two organizations will coercively plan and stage a strong management lead to run the larger institution. Weaknesses in Going Public Conducting an IPO is time-consuming and expensive.It can take up to a year or more to complete and can cost several hundreds of thousands of dollars for attorneys, accountants, printers, and additional fees. The SEC disclosure rules are very extensive and mean all financial information is made public. McBride will be subject to review by the SEC to ensure compliance with regulations through proper filings and relevant disclosures. Decision-making among management may be affected by the market price of the shares and the feeling they must receive market recognition for the company’s stock. McBride could lose market confidence should shares of the company’s stock fall.Decreased valuatio n of the company can affect lines of credit, secondary offering pricing, the company’s ability to maintain employees, and the personal wealth of insiders and investors. â€Å"’In today’s global business environment, companies may have to grow to survive, and one of the best ways to grow is by merging with another company or acquiring other companies,’† according to consultant Jacalyn Sherriton. In principle, a merger or acquisition is a capital budgeting decision much like any other. However, much like an IPO, mergers have their weaknesses as well.The value of a merger may depend on such things as strategic fits which can be difficult to measure. The accounting, tax, and legal aspects can be complex. Mergers often involve issues of corporate control and are a means of replacing existing management. Mergers affect the value of a firm and further affect the relative value of the stocks and bonds. Finally, mergers are often unfriendly. Although many c ompanies have found acquisitions to be highly beneficial to their operations, many more encounter problems that can prove disastrous to the future position of the firm.A poorly executed acquisition can harm McBride’s financial and strategic situation. Problems with financing an acquisition can arise before and after the transaction. Expenses for acquisitions can be astronomical when they involve lawyers, consultants, financiers, and advisors that helped make the deal possible. Additionally, filing and legal fees because of complications in the transaction can further exacerbate the already extremely high costs of acquisition. Oftentimes, quality employees are lost in an acquisition because the acquiring firm is too caught up in transaction to recognize they exist within the acquired firm.The long-term strategies of a firm can be negatively affected if it is pursuing a diversification strategy. Rather than improving upon the factors that led to its competitive advantage, manag ement focuses on running a diversified company, which could result in the company losing its core business advantage and severely hampering the future success of the firm. Opportunities in Going Public Major companies and corporations that comprise a big part of the United States economy take advantage of certain opportunities such as going public through IPO’s, acquisitions, and mergers.These three approaches provide an additional resource and many times an advantage to expand, become more profitable, or simply save a company’s existence. McBride Financial Services, for instance, can raise capital by doing an IPO. This gives the company an opportunity to expand its business by becoming a part of the stock market and hence becoming well-known. This also provides enough funds to be put back into the company for profit, and for any other expenses necessary to remain successful and in existence.In the case of an acquisition, which is the taking over of another company, Mc Bride will benefit because the company being acquired is already established. It takes less investment, time, and energy than to start-up a new company. A merger also can be a beneficial opportunity for the company because both parties agree to come together as one organization to improve and grow stronger than as individual companies. A merger eliminates part of the competition, creates a bigger and stronger company, and strengthens the balance sheet.Without methods such as IPO’s, acquisitions, and mergers, â€Å"†¦a company may simply become financially non-viable [and] not able to meet its debt and trade obligations† (Collier, p. 5). Threats in Going Public With the opportunities that McBride Financial Services has with these three options of expansion, there exist certain threats as well. If McBride chooses to go public through an IPO, then it has to worry about the new owners of the company and their ideas about what the company is and should be doing. In a w orst case scenario, Mcbride’s competitors can buy the company and decide to do with it what they want.They can take full control of the company and manipulate it in ways McBride never imagined or they could even just dissolve the company into nonexistence. If McBride needs the money to expand that it would get if it went through with the IPO, then acquiring another organization in the same industry is indeed going to be difficult to do, if not impossible. Even if McBride does find a way to get the money to acquire another company without going public, then it would most likely go into eventual bankruptcy because of the debt it will accumulate because of increased costs.If McBride wants to merge with another organization to expand, it will not be an easy task because the two become one company with a common purpose. If they do not learn how to work with each other and compensate for the other’s weaknesses, then they will eventually fail and both companies will be out of business. Conclusion Based on the information provided while researching each of the approaches for going public, the management team at McBride Financial Services has opted to go public via an IPO.Although it can be costly and time-consuming, it seems to be the best method to maintain the current managerial make-up and integrity of the organization. References (n. d. ) Merger and acquisitions. Retrieved on November 2, 2010 from http://www. answers. com/topic/mergers-and-acquisitions Collier, Steve. Mergers and acquisitions: Special dangers and opportunities. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from EBSCOhost database. Keown, A. J. , Martin, J. D. , Petty, W. , & Scott, D. F. (2005). Financial Management: Principles and Applications.Pearson Education, Inc. Steffens, Gregory (n. d. ). Common problems with acquisitions. Retrieved on November 2, 2010 From http://www. gaebler. com/common-problems-with-acquisitions Taubman, L. E. (n. d). Considerations of an IPO. Retrieved on November 2, 20 10 from http://library. findlaw. com/2001/Jan/1/127967. html Chapter 22 Problems 1. What new problems and factors are encountered in international as opposed to domestic financial management? * Foreign Currency Exchange Fluctuation: International financial management involves cash flow in foreign currency.Foreign currency exchange rate keeps fluctuating. International business is exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as fluctuation in wrong direction affects the business adversely. There are many ways to hedge the cash flow in foreign currency, but no strategy provides complete protection. * Fund flow between countries – International financial management deals with capital flow between countries. In many countries banking system is not mature and /or fund raising is not easy. In that case, company has to raise fund outside the country.International financial management involves the fund flow from one country to other country. * Laws and regulations – Different cou ntries have different business laws, labor laws, laws related to taxation etc. International financial management is affected by the prevailing laws and regulations in a particular country. * Country risk – International business is exposed to the country risk of the country company is doing business in. Country risk involves political risk, general economic environment etc.Because of country risk, additional risk premium is required. International financial management deals with this issue as well. 2. What does the term arbitrage profit mean? Arbitrage profit refers to making risk free profit without investing your own money. The opportunity of arbitrage profit arises because of pricing mismatch. In the simplest form, if the same financial instrument is selling at different price at two different places, one can buy the security where it is selling at the lower price and sell where it is selling at the higher price.This gives the seller a risk free profit without using his m oney. Another example of arbitrage profit is Triangular arbitrage. It is the process of trading out of the first currency into a second currency, then trading it for a third currency, which is in turn traded for first currency. Arbitrage profit can be earned from trading from the second to the third currency if their direct quotes are not consistent with the cross exchange rates. 3. What can a firm do to reduce exchange risk? The firm can hedge against foreign exchange risk in a number of ways.First, they can deposit funds into the foreign country's banks in the foreign denomination in a sufficient quantity so as to hedge against a downturn in the domestic currency. There are some opportunity costs associated with this method as the interest rate earned on the deposited funds will be less than could be earned elsewhere, but the difference is like carrying insurance. In addition, the firm could enter into forwards, futures, or options. 4. What are the differences between a forward co ntract, a futures contract, and options?A forward contract is one that locks in an exchange rate now for a transaction in the future. It is possible the economy will render the forward more expensive than actual exchange rates would have made the transaction to begin with, but again, the forward acts like an insurance policy against negative shifts on exchange rates. Futures contracts are similar to forward contracts except that forward contracts are private agreements and may be molded accordingly. Futures are traded on open markets and, as such, are held to higher levels of scrutiny.Forward contracts can only be executed on one specific date. Futures (because they are traded) are open for transaction any day until their expiration. Options set an exchange rate and, as the name implies, gives the firm the option of exercising the rate at the time the contract is due. This gives the firm flexibility and allows them to take advantage of unforeseen upticks in the global economy that a ctually make exchange rates favorable at contract execution time. Options are more expensive, however (the flexibility afforded by options costs a premium).

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography

Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography Pericles (sometimes spelled Perikles) lived between about 495–429 B.C.E. and was one of the most important leaders of the classical period of Athens, Greece. He is largely responsible for rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502–449 B.C.E. He was also Athens leader during (and probably fomenter of) the Peloponnesian War (431–404); and he died of the Plague of Athens that ravaged the city between 430 and 426 B.C.E. He was so important to classical Greek history that the era in which he lived is known as the Age of Pericles. Greek Sources about Pericles What we know of Pericles comes from three main sources. The earliest is known as the Funeral Oration of Pericles. It was written by the Greek philosopher Thucydides (460–395 B.C.E.), who said he was quoting Pericles himself. Pericles gave his speech at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.E.). In it, Pericles (or Thucydides) extols the values of democracy. The Menexenus was probably written by Plato (ca. 428–347 B.C.E.) or by someone who was imitating Plato. It too is a Funeral Oration citing the history of Athens, and the text was partly borrowed from Thucydides but it is a satire ridiculing the practice. Its format is a dialogue between Socrates and Menexenus, and in it, Socrates opines that Pericles mistress Aspasia wrote the Funeral Oration of Pericles. Finally, and most substantially, in his book The Parallel Lives, the first century C.E. Roman historian Plutarch wrote the Life of Pericles and a Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximum. English translations of all of these texts are long out of copyright and available on the Internet. Family Through his mother Agariste, Pericles was a member of the Alcmeonids, a powerful family in Athens, who claimed descent from Nestor (king of Pylos in The Odyssey) and whose earliest notable member was from the seventh century B.C.E. The Alcemons were accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon. His father was Xanthippus, a military leader during the Persian Wars, and the victor at the Battle of Mycale. He was the son of Ariphon, who was ostracized- a common political punishment for prominent Athenians consisting of a 10-year banishment from Athens- but was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch but was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in 445 B.C.E. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger. Education Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich, and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends, that he was afraid hed be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides. Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea, famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion cant occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE), called Nous (Mind). Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. Public Offices The first known public event in Pericles life was the position of choregos. Choregoi were the producers of ancient Greeces theatrical community, selected from the wealthiest Athenians who had a duty to support dramatic productions. Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In 472, Pericles funded and produced the playwright Aeschylus play The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos, which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in 460, and he remained that for the next 29 years. Pericles, Cimon, and Democracy In the 460s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Spartas request for help, Athens leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens oligarchic adherents, and, according to the opposing faction led by Pericles who had come into power by the time Cimon returned, Cimon was a lover of Sparta and a hater of the Athenians. He was ostracized and banished from Athens for 10 years, but eventually brought back for the Peloponnesian Wars. Building Projects From about 458–456, Pericles had the Long Walls built. The Long Walls were about 6 kilometers in length and built in several phases. They were a strategic asset to Athens, connecting the city with Piraeus, a peninsula with three harbors about 4.5 miles from Athens. The walls protected the citys access to the Aegean, but they were destroyed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. On the Acropolis at Athens, Pericles built the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and a giant statue of Athena Promachus. He also had temples and shrines built to other gods to replace those that had been destroyed by the Persians during the wars. The treasury from the Delian alliance funded the building projects. Radical Democracy and Citizenship Law Among the contributions made by Pericles to the Athenian democracy was the payment of magistrates. This was one reason the Athenians under Pericles decided to limit the people eligible to hold office. Only those born to two people of Athenian citizen status could henceforth be citizens and eligible to be magistrates. Children of foreign mothers were explicitly excluded. Metic is the word for a foreigner living in Athens. Since a metic woman couldnt produce citizen children when Pericles had a mistress Aspasia of Miletus, he couldnt or, at least, didnt marry her. After his death, the law was changed so that his son could be both a citizen and his heir. Artists Depiction According to Plutarch, although Pericles appearance was unimpeachable, his head was long and out of proportion. The comic poets of his day called him Schinocephalus or squill head (pen head). Because of Pericles abnormally long head, he was often depicted wearing a helmet. The Plague of Athens and the Death of Pericles In 430, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica, signaling the start of the Peloponnesian War. At the same time, a plague broke out in a city overcrowded by the presence of refugees from the rural areas. Pericles was suspended from the office of strategos, found guilty of theft and fined 50 talents. Because Athens still needed him, Pericles was then reinstated, but then, about a year after he lost his own two sons in the plague, Pericles died in the fall of 429, two and a half years after the Peloponnesian War began. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Thucydides. Pericles Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46). Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 2000. Web.Monoson, S. Sara. Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Platos Menexenus. Political Theory 26.4 (1998): 489-513. Print.OSullivan, Neil. Pericles and Protagoras. Greece Rome 42.1 (1995): 15-23. Print.Plato. The Menexenus. Translater Benjamin Jowett 1892. Project Gutenberg, 2013. Web.Plutarch. Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1914. LacusCurtius Web.- -. The Life of Pericles. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1916. LacusCurtius Web.Stadter, Philip A. Pericles among the Intellectuals. Illinois Classical Studies 16.1/2 (1991): 111-24. Print.- -. The Rhetoric of Plutarchs Pericles. Ancient Society 18 (1987): 251-69. Print.

Breast Cancer, Ovarian Cancer And Colon Cancer

Breast Cancer My paternal grandmother has batteld cancer three times. She was diagnosed with breast cancer first and then six years later with ovarian cancer. Both times, she had to have radiation to cure her from the cancer. After four years of being in remission, the cancer came back. This time it was on a viscous rampage. My grandmother had to receive a month of intense chemotherapy and two critical surgeries to remove the tumors that were invading her body. Seeing her go through all of this†¦ Cancer is one of the most deadly disease next to heart disease. Without the proper equipment, many breast cancer could go undiagnosed and overlooked. Nancy McIlhenney was diagnosed with breast cancer ( Invasive lobular carcinoma) back in November 2015, when she noticed a large lump within her breast. When she went to the doctors, they said that the lump she was feeling was fatty tissue but the cancer itself was hidden behind it. Granted that it might be caused by environmental due to radiation†¦ Cancer is a disease that is caused by abnormal cells in a part of someone’s body. Anyone can be diagnosed with cancer, it is not something that only affects certain people. Sometimes the cancer can be hereditary meaning that a family member has had the same type of cancer in the past. However, one of the most common cancers for women is breast cancer. Breast cancer is a cancer that is well known since there is a month that is dedicated to bring awareness to breast cancer but not many people realize†¦ Breast cancer is one of the leading cancers that affect a myriad of people in today’s society. â€Å"About 1 in 8 U.S. women (about 12%) will develop breast cancer over the course of her lifetime.† (Breast Cancer, 2016). Some people diagnosed with this type of cancer could have the opportunity to detect it early on due to screenings or self-evaluations. However despite early detection, it does not guarantee that the cancer can be treated in its entirety. Different stage levels decide the degree in which†¦ losing my father to cancer. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroys body tissue along the way. There are multiple types of treatments depending on the type of cancer. People who become weak, loss of hunger, depressed and many more. Most common types of cancers include Breast cancer, Lung cancer, and melanoma(Hill, Peter). Breast cancer is a cancer that forms in the cells of the breast. Most women growing up are told to examine their breast when in the shower†¦ Cancer refers to several diseases that the involve uncontrolled growth of mutated cells in the body. Normally, cells grow and divide based on signals and the body’s needs, and new cells replace old or damaged cells. However, cancer is able to develop when cell signaling is interrupted. The old cells stop dying and instead form new abnormal cells, possibly resulting in a tumor. Cancerous cells are malignant, which means they can invade nearby tissue, and can potentially metastasize and spread to various†¦ Introduction Breast cancer is the abnormal growing of cells within the breast tissues. It has been identified to be number two killer of all cancer demises among women. The first common sign that can lead to cancer diagnosis is the presence of a breast lump. Breast cancer is more common in women than men are, but they also need to realize that they can also be diagnosed with breast cancer. Fibro adenoma has been identified as the most prevalent form of benign breast tumor, while Invasive Ductal†¦ mother had found in her breast. â€Å"I told her, ‘Maybe it is that Froot Loop I gave you earlier,’† Sands remembered. â€Å"She laughed and said, ‘I hope so!’† That day was the beginning of Sands’ journey with cancer. Five years later, her mother died of breast cancer at the age of 43, when Sands was 9 years old. A few years after that, Sands’ aunt was diagnosed with breast cancer. She went into remission but later died of ovarian cancer. Then a cousin was diagnosed with breast cancer at 34. Two years ago,†¦ of different cancers that people tend to hear of. Cancer is abnormal cells that grow out of control and invade a healthy person’s body. When these cells do not grow normally things can go wrong. When cancer occurs it is because the cells divide more than they should and begin to form masses also known as tumors. According to the National Breast Cancer Foundation, the most common type of cancer is breast cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death in woman. Breast cancer is when the malignant†¦ Colon Cancer Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a form of cancer that affects the large intestine and rectum. The cancer cells do not die when signaled to do so. Instead, they grow unmonitored. The cancer will grow into more tissue and organs and develop more new cancer cells. In Stage I colon cancer only affects either the colon or the rectum. The cancer cells are found in the epithelial and lamina propria layers, the top layers of the large intestine and rectum. In Stage II, the†¦

Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem - Essay Example I believe I have faced enough competition in the early academic years. Since my childhood, I’ve been a shy, reserved and quiet person. I don’t interact with people much due to my hesitation while talking to new people. I feel uncomfortable when I am surrounded by a group of individuals and I’ve always tried to stay out of group discussions. These natural personality constraints led me to the isolation from my social circle. I have had a few friends and even their knowledge was limited about my problems, likes, dislikes and issues. These personality traits seem normal and unproblematic to many people. However, I personally feel that these were the factors that affected my academic performance the most. I never wished to take a position in the class in order to avoid prominence and attention from others. I did not take part in class discussions as I felt awkward and uncomfortable speaking in front of all students and the teacher. I kept myself from asking question even if I had some confusion in my mind regarding the topic being taught by the teacher. When I was a kid, I used to avoid interactions with other kids. I kept myself isolated in the parks, play grounds and even in the school. I used to keep my feelings secret and ideas personal. All these traits resulted in inner conflicts arising in me.

Career Development of Muslim Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development of Muslim Women - Essay Example The research design that is selected for the study is an exploratory research design, in order to understand the things deeply. As explained by Zechmeister et al., (1997) survey research represents a general approach to be used when the research design is implemented. Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population using an instrument composed of close structure or open-ended items (questions). It is one of the most dominant forms of data collection in the social sciences gives for the proficient collection of data over broad populations, agreeable to self-administration, administration in person, by telephone, via email, and on the internet. The primary data is to be collected by conducting field research that involves face to face interviews, surveys, questionnaires and focused group interviews. Primary research involves the use of primary data for the collection of data. Primary data are that information that is collected for the first time. The primary research will be especially useful since it will provide a guideline to the most current data available on this topic from Muslim women who are about to reach either supervisory or managerial positions and also from female who are about to enter the workforce. This will help to give an idea about what challenges they face and how they feel they will compare themselves with foreigners in the workplace. There are many advantages that have been identified in the use of the survey method.

Business Excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Excellence - Essay Example It is in this context that since its inception, the company had been strategically designing its products focussing on the customers’ needs. By adopting the customer centric strategies, Dell was determined to become the low cost leader while providing high value products and services (Dell, 2012). After successfully doing business in the global markets for almost a decade, Dell began facing challenges in terms of competition, rapidly losing its market share and witnessing reduction in its customer bases (Paul & et. al., 2007). Furthermore, the company was losing its market share in all the segments, namely, desktops, servers and notebooks during the same year to its major competitors. Notably, the major factors that led to the declining market share of Dell from all segments can be identified as the company’s emphasis on its traditional business model lacking in terms of innovation and transformation. Due to the company’s resistance to change in the global compet itive market, other players in this industry such as HP and Lenovo emerged as the new leaders. They focussed on the emerging markets and segments such as Laptops, whereas Dell with a market share of 4.2% ranked eighth among other manufacturers (Paul & et. al., 2007). Drivers for Strategic Change In today’s modern era, the process or rather the conception of change is attributed as the only continuous and inevitable phenomenon of the business world. Due to the incessant changes occurring in the external business environment, businesses are becoming increasingly swayed to implement strategic changes in their business processes. It is in this context that due to the ongoing changes in the global business environment, business entities are forced to alter their operational vision, goals and methodologies too often causing the risk of unplanned and chaotic changes in the working process which in turn are quite likely to give rise to perplexity within the human resources and thus l ead towards a greater disruption in the overall operational functions of the organisation. Taking these aspects into concern, the major drivers of change in today’s business context can be stated as the alterations in the external business environment in terms of innovation, competition, legal as well as economic variations, and social changes which accumulatively lead to the alterations of consumer needs, demands along with their perceptions (Yokota & et. al., 2005). Focus Areas for Enhanced Business Performance In today’s global scenario, competition and financial liberalization are considered to be the most influential factors that effectually enable a company to sustain in the prevailing fierce competition. Consequently, with an effect of such fierce competition and growing need for product differentiation, quality has emerged to be one of the prime concerns of global companies in order to enhance its competitive advantages over its rivals. It is owing to the belie f that best quality with

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Sport and Exercise

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Sport and Exercise Critically discuss interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to sport and exercise science within the professional experience undertaken in term 1. Support your answers with relevant literature and theory The advance in sports professionalism and the increasing intensity of competition has made a scientific approach to sport vital to monitoring and improving performance (Campbel. 2007). British expertise in sport and exercise science is reflected in the growing number of postgraduate qualifications that offer the chance to study new and exciting developments. The applications of scientific principles are studied by examining three branches of science biomechanics, physiology and psychology although this knowledge is applied differently to each of the sport and exercise disciplines. Sport science largely offers expert scientific backup for top sport training and performance, while exercise science has a central role in physical programmes aimed at improving general health (Campbel.2007). The qualified sport and exercise scientist can expect to have a broad technical, physiological and psychological knowledge, and stands to benefit from current developments within the field offering a professional status. Although research within sport and exercise science is done in many different disciplines, the majority of published research is mono-disciplinary. Burwitz et al (1994) defined mono-disciplinary as a singular discipline in nature. A professional experience was undertaken to assess the approaches to inter and multi-disciplinary within sport and exercise science research. The experience was of a sport science nature which involved the participation of a newly created test, designed to monitor endurance performance. The test focused on heart rate response, ground contact times and oxygen uptake whilst running on a treadmill at sub maximal speeds. The data collected from this test will, as a result, be used to better the understanding of factors that contribute to endurance performance and importantly to easily be able to measure these factors. A similar study created by Blackadar et al (2001) found that the measurements of ground contact times and heart rate response during level runnin g at chosen speed can provide accurate estimates of maximal aerobic power. Carpenter and Ledger (2004) suggests that an understanding of physiological factors is essential for anyone involved in sport (coach or performer), appreciation of this is vital in developing effective training programmes and optimising performance. This essay will outline what multi and interdisciplinary approaches to sport and exercise science are. It will then delineate how the two approaches can be applied to the professional experience undertaken. An Interdisciplinary approach within sport and exercise science involves a partnership of coaches with sport and exercise scientists such as physiologists or psychologists. Miles et al (1997) defines an interdisciplinary approach as more than one area of sport and exercise science working together in an integrated and co-ordinated manner to solve a problem. Interdisciplinary research needs to involve a strong integration of information from more than one sub-discipline of sport and exercise science from the outset of a particular research programme (Burwitz et al. 1994). Williams and James (2001) developed a model to demonstrate interdisciplinary approaches, where the goal of the sport or exercise is affected by each area involved. Multidisciplinary research involves less integration of the sub-disciplines of sport and exercise science. Each discipline tends to work in parallel on a common topic (Burwitz et al. 1994). Just like interdisciplinary, it involves more than one sport working together but the difference being they work together in an isolated, unitary and co-ordinated manner (Miles et al 1997). In a multidisciplinary approach each discipline will look for problems to a solution from within only that discipline, for example, a physiologist will look at how the body responds to exercise; each discipline will then assemble their findings. Alternatively in an interdisciplinary approach, the physiologist may work together with a biomechanist to look at if rate of fatigue changes with different technique (Burwitz et al. 1994). The deficient in the integration of sub-disciplines from the outset of sport and exercise science may be resultant to the multidisciplinary research, thus, making it harder to integra te them together whilst trying to bring about an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving. The majority of sport and exercise science research is mono-disciplinary (Burwitz et al 1994) but introducing the involvement of multi and interdisciplinary research will help to improve the overall standard of research. It will bond together more than one discipline of sport and exercise science such as physiology and biomechanics, consequently, improving the ability to solve problems such as injury, fatigue and poor technique. More than one approach working together as a team will combine their knowledge and methods from their different areas to be able to solve a problem. Regardless of these resemblances, fundamental disparities between the two stated approaches are still apparent. Interdisciplinary approaches look to be the best in terms of bringing about improvements as it incorporates the disciplines which take the form of ‘bridge-building (Squires et al 1975). This requires an amalgamation of expert knowledge from diverse disciplines concentrating on a precise problem. Contrastingly, multidisciplinary approaches gather rather than combine knowledge; consequently the sub-disciplines work independently during the research processes before coming together to reach a conclusion about a stated problem (Burwitz et al 1994). Burwitz et al (1994) believes that an interdisciplinary approach will disclose possible conflicts between the disciplines. As there are direct dealings among sub-disciplines, a view given by one area could be disputed by another. This is less likely to occur in multi-disciplinary approaches as the disciplines do not work in dir ect contact with one another. Despite the above examples, no clear definition is given of the distinctions between the two approaches because many sport and exercise scientists have regarded multi and inter-disciplinary as synonymous terms (Burwitz et al 1994). The professional experience undertaken was involved with sport science; Smith (2001) describes sport science as being characterised by collaborations with coaches and performance directors. The experience undertaken was first and foremost a physiological approach. Researchers have amassed so much knowledge about physical activity that it is now a separate academic field of study within the biological sciences (Katch et al 2000). Physiology of exercise can be defined as the study of how the body responds and adapts to exercise and importantly identifies physiological characteristics that explain rather than simply describe performance and also focus on ways to improve performance (Bromley et al 2007). Middle distance running is a sport that utilises this definition very well. In this event, oxidative phosphorylation represents the principal energy-producing metabolic pathway and, therefore, it is not surprising that the parameters of fitness which correlate most closely with performance are those related to oxygen uptake (VO2max), the various oxygen uptake required to run at different speeds (running economy), and the oxygen uptake that can be sustained without appreciable accumulation of lactate in the blood (Jones. 1998). Understanding the pr inciples of these factors will contribute to improving endurance performance, and as a result enable an athlete to overcome these issues and improve them. During the professional experience questions were put to the researcher regarding the involvement of other disciplines to determine the dimension of the research. These questions were: ‘are there any other areas of sport and exercise science e.g. biomechanist, psychologist, etc, other than yourself (a physiologist) present to help assess the data gathered from the research? ‘Will the results of the research be collated with other disciplines and fed back to the performer? The response from the questions asked clearly demonstrated that the research being carried out was of a mono-disciplinary nature as there was no interaction with other disciplines of sport science. As discussed, an increase in the need from multi or interdisciplinary in sport and exercise science, would have much improved this study as more than one a re of sport and exercise science being involved would have given feedback to an athlete, therefore increasing the value. The research itself was looking at the reliability and validity of a heart rate by looking at its response to ground contact times whilst running on a treadmill to see if it can be used to predict endurance performance. As well as being assessed physiologically, the researcher may have advised the athlete to be assessed by a biomechanist, this may show results that running technique could affect fatigue, for example, the biomechanist could get the athlete to run over a force plate, and the force generated on the plate could show that too much force is being exerted and as a result making you fatigue more quickly. This could then be fed back to the physiologist whereby a solution could be put together to rectify this and therefore the enabling the athlete to have a better running efficiency. This would create an interdisciplinary approach as more than one disciplin e is working together in an integrated fashion thus improving feedback to the athlete and as a result give the athlete a much better chance of improving performance. The professional experience undertaken was shown to be mono-disciplinary as it was a test focusing solely on the physiological changes of an athlete whilst performing a treadmill run. As discussed above, introducing further dimensions may have been more beneficial to the athlete as they receive more feedback of ways to improve. However the test was a funded study by a recognised middle distance running corporation (The British Milers Club) to specifically look at the monitoring of endurance performance and the introduction of other disciplines may have confused the findings and taken away the aims of the study.